Rocio Sierra
PPDG Director
One of the greatest challenges facing modern humanity is the need for sustainable development, which meets the demands for natural resources while leaving future generations the opportunity to reach their potential. This challenge is particularly important in the context of chemical industries, where the demand for resources and energy is enormous. In this context, the proper use and disposal of waste, rubbish and waste streams is of particular importance.
The research and development of technologies for recycling and use of waste has become one of the areas of greatest growth in investment by member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This fact has had an important social impact since it has challenged the wide spread belief that garbage has no value. If effective strategies for waste processing were tobe implemented in a voluminous and systematic manner, an increase in process efficiency and a reduction of up to 80% in the greenhouse effect would be observed.
My research project is directed to the study and development of processes for the use of residues (harvest, organic or other) in the production of fuels, energy and/or other value added products. This project covers five topics, which are explained in general terms below.
Education
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Doctor of Philosophy (Chemical Engineering)Texas A&M UniversityU.S.A.2010
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Master Of Science (Chemical Engineering)Texas A&M UniversityU.S.A.2005
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Magíster En Ingeniería MecánicaUniversidad de los AndesColombia1996
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Ingeniera QuímicaFundacion Universidad De AmericaColombia1992
Research Area: Biological Engineering
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Pre-treatment of Lignocellulosic Waste:
Agricultural residues have the potential to become fuels, various forms of energy, chemicals, pharmaceuticals or some special type of food. This is achieved through chemical, thermochemical, biological routes, or a combination of these options. The processes that use the biological route, are characterized by having a stage of preparation of the raw material more wasteful than the alternate routes. This preparation is called pre-treatment.
On the other hand, due to the boom in biological pre-treatments oflignocellulosic materials, given mainly by the low operational cost compared to the chemical alternative, and because the enzymes produced have a high potential for use in other areas (for example water treatment and biosensors) I have taken interest in studies to establish the effects of pre-treatment with white rot fungi on various types of lignocellulosic waste.
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MixAlco Process:
MixAlco® is an advanced technology in which wastes of all types, but preferably lignocellulosic materials, are converted into chemicals such as volatile organic acids, ketones, esters and secondary alcohols. The latter in turn can be transformed into gasoline (bio-gasoline) and jet fuel. Technology has been the object of study, development and research for approximately two decades. The project has been led by PhD Mark Holtzapple, professor at Texas A&M University who was my doctoral thesis advisor. Today, MixAlco® has a large number of international partners working on technology development and transfer. My research group has become the main ally of MixAlco® in Colombia.
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Biorefinery (Use and exploitation of organic waste):
Organic waste is that which results during food preparation, that which remains unconsumed after food, and manure. Organic waste has a different nature from lignocellulosic waste and a different compositional structure. In general terms, they are characterized by being much easier to attack biologically, therefore the pre-treatment required is not as demanding (although often require sterilization), and are very rich in compounds necessary for cell functioning (eg proteins, fatty acids, enzymes, vitamins and minerals), which makes them ideal as raw material in biological processes that can result in obtaining a wide range of products with high added value. I have taken an interest in the study of such processes.
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Use and exploitation of non bioconvertible waste:
Some wastes are hardly biodegradable or are not susceptible to this type of treatment. If within this group of wastes, it is found that there is a close and ultimate composition similar to that of coal and/or a high calorific value, it is advisable to use thermochemical conversion. This route has three possibilities: (i) combustion, which is the most efficient for the production of thermal energy at a relatively severe environmental cost due to the non-neutral emission of greenhouse gases; (ii) pyrolysis resulting in the production of solid, liquid and gaseous products; and (iii) gasification, which in addition to being a source that generates thermal energy at lower efficiencies than combustion, allows for the production of so-called syngas, which has an important potential use. The focus of this topic is on process control strategies to obtain the desired product(s).
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Process simulation, exergetic calculations:
Identify opportunities to improve and increase efficiencies, which is normally linked to the implementation of optimization techniques and integration of mass and energy. From these studies, it is possible to establish indicators such as exergetic efficiency, renewability, sustainability index, exergetic improvement potential, and the percentage reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with respect to comparison cases. Comparison is important, as it is the basis for selection.
Resarch Group

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Andrés RomeroMaster Assistant (Beginning 2019-10)
Topic: Exergetic Optimization
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Daniel DuránPhD Assistant (Beginning 2019-10)
Topic: Biorefinery
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Carla CárdenasMaster Assistant (Finish 2019-10)
Topic: Biological pre-treatment of lignocellulosic residuals
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Dinary DuránPhD Assistant (Termina 2020-20)
Topic: Biological pre-treatment of lignocellulosic residuals
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Luis CruzPhD Assistant (Beginning 2019-10)
Topic: Biological pre-treatment of lignocellulosic residuals
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Carlos AguilarMaster Assistant (Finish 2019-10)
Topic: Use and exploitation of non bioconvertible waste
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Oscar FonsecaPhD Assistant (Beginning 2019-10)
Topic: Biorefinery
Projects
Recycling of petroleum-derived polymers
The potential added economic and environmental value derived from the use of non-biodegradable wastes such as plastics and used tire rubber is very large. These materials subjected to pyrolysis treatment result in three phases: a gaseous phase that is combustible, a liquid phase containing value- added chemicals such as styrene, benzene derivatives, hydrocarbons, etc., and a solid phase (activated carbon) that has multiple applications due to its adsorbent properties.
The purpose of this project is to determine the pyrolysis operating conditions and the best uses of the products that can be obtained in the three phases.
This project directly impacts industries with a high volume of plastic waste such as food processors/distributors, as well as transportation companies, which generate a high volume of used tires.


Added value of vegetable waste
The purpose of this project is to establish the conditions and extraction of components and biological conversions that would maximize the added value of these wastes.
Added value of manure
The purpose of this project is the production of a clean or purified bio gasand the development of strategies for its use depending on the local reality where the process wants to be implemented.


Pretreatment of lignocellulosic material
The crop residues are rich in lignocellulose, a material that is not readily biodegradable. The biological pre-treatment of this material with fungi can be used to increase its digestibility. Lignin degrading fungi can grow on synthetic substrates or in wood and non-wood vegetable residues. In many cases, its secretion in response to different substrates has been characterized and it was found that it is different for each substrate and in addition that in it there is abundance of oxide-reductase enzymes, mainly those that degrade phenolic and non-phenolic compounds in the presence of oxygen, called laccases. These enzymes are affected by growing conditions. Among these conditions, nutritional and the presence of inducing substances such as copper and phenolic compounds have been found to be closely associated with the regulation of enzyme secretion, but the regulatory mechanisms involved are not yet clear.
The purpose of this project is to understand how the components of the lignocellulose biomass of the rice huskinduce the secretion of laccases by fungi and how these enzymes, the laccases, contribute to the modification of this agro-industrial residue. The enzymes have potential use in water purification and the lignocellulosic material modified by the fungus can be used in fermentations to obtain value-added products.
This project directly impacts the tannery and textile industries by providing an economically viable alternative for the degradation of phenols in waste streams. In addition, the agricultural industry would find a way to make use of vegetable waste.
Featured Publications
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Chirivi J, Danies G, Sierra R, Schauer N, Trenkamp S, Restrepo S, Sanjuan T. (2017) Metabolomic profile and nucleoside composition of Cordyceps nidus sp. nov. (Cordycipitaceae): A new source of active compounds. PLoS ONE (ISSN 1932-6203) 12 (N/A), pp. Número de artículo: e0179428-Número de artículo: e0179428.
- Ruíz H, Sierra R, Moreno J. (2015) Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Oil-Palm Shell for Carboxylic Acid Adsorption. Oriental Journal of Chemistry (ISSN 0970-020X) 31 (2), pp. 1-10.
- Chirivi J, Restrepo S, Sanjuan T, Sierra R. (2014) Actividad hidrolítica de cepas nativas colombianas de Evlachovaea sp. y Lecanicillium sabanerum (Cordycipitaceae, Ascomycota) . ACTUALIDADES BIOLOGICAS (ISSN 0304-3584) 36 (1), pp. 319-319.
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Lopez C, Moreno-barbosa J, Sierra R, Giraldo L, Moreno J. (2014) Adsorption of Volatile Carboxylic Acids on Activated Carbon Synthesized from Watermelon Shells. Adsorption Science and Technology (ISSN 0263-6174) 32 (N/A), pp. 227-242.
- Suescún E, Bautista A, Sierra R, Giraldo L, Moreno J. (2014) Carboxylic acid recovery from aqueous solutions by activated carbon produced from sugarcane bagasse. ADSORPTION-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ADSORPTION SOCIETY (ISSN 0929-5607) 20 (N/A), pp. 935-943.
- Tao L, Aden A, Elander R, Ramesh V, Lee Y, Garlock R, Balan V, Dale B, Kim Y, Mosier N, Ladisch M, Falls M, Holtzapple M, Sierra R, Shi J, Ebrik M, Redmond T, Yang B, Wyman C, Hames B, Thomas S, Warner R (2011). Process and technoeconomic analysis of leading pretreatment technologies for lignocellulosic ethanol production using switchgrass. Bioresource technology. pp.11105-11114.
- Sierra R, Smith A, Granda C, Holtzapple M. (2008) Producing fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). S10-S18.